Date | Index Value |
---|---|
Oct 1, 2017 | 235.39 |
Sep 1, 2017 | 234.86 |
Aug 1, 2017 | 235.45 |
Jul 1, 2017 | 235.10 |
Jun 1, 2017 | 233.40 |
May 1, 2017 | 231.50 |
Apr 1, 2017 | 229.26 |
Mar 1, 2017 | 227.45 |
Feb 1, 2017 | 225.77 |
Jan 1, 2017 | 226.02 |
Dec 1, 2016 | 227.04 |
Nov 1, 2016 | 226.87 |
Oct 1, 2016 | 226.24 |
Sep 1, 2016 | 226.40 |
Aug 1, 2016 | 226.56 |
Jul 1, 2016 | 225.96 |
Jun 1, 2016 | 224.21 |
May 1, 2016 | 222.98 |
Apr 1, 2016 | 221.57 |
Mar 1, 2016 | 220.27 |
Feb 1, 2016 | 219.58 |
Jan 1, 2016 | 219.46 |
Dec 1, 2015 | 219.90 |
Nov 1, 2015 | 219.17 |
Oct 1, 2015 | 218.57 |
Sep 1, 2015 | 218.46 |
Aug 1, 2015 | 217.97 |
Jul 1, 2015 | 217.10 |
Jun 1, 2015 | 215.82 |
May 1, 2015 | 214.58 |
Apr 1, 2015 | 213.30 |
Mar 1, 2015 | 211.37 |
Feb 1, 2015 | 210.79 |
Jan 1, 2015 | 211.21 |
Dec 1, 2014 | 210.48 |
Nov 1, 2014 | 209.52 |
Oct 1, 2014 | 208.70 |
Sep 1, 2014 | 208.59 |
Aug 1, 2014 | 209.00 |
Jul 1, 2014 | 208.25 |
Jun 1, 2014 | 207.02 |
May 1, 2014 | 205.51 |
Apr 1, 2014 | 204.09 |
Mar 1, 2014 | 202.53 |
Feb 1, 2014 | 202.17 |
Jan 1, 2014 | 202.28 |
Dec 1, 2013 | 202.91 |
Nov 1, 2013 | 203.00 |
Oct 1, 2013 | 202.81 |
Sep 1, 2013 | 202.43 |
Aug 1, 2013 | 202.31 |
Jul 1, 2013 | 201.14 |
Jun 1, 2013 | 198.87 |
May 1, 2013 | 196.07 |
Apr 1, 2013 | 192.73 |
Mar 1, 2013 | 188.69 |
Feb 1, 2013 | 185.60 |
Jan 1, 2013 | 186.02 |
Dec 1, 2012 | 186.00 |
Nov 1, 2012 | 185.62 |
Oct 1, 2012 | 184.74 |
Sep 1, 2012 | 185.17 |
Aug 1, 2012 | 186.44 |
Jul 1, 2012 | 186.94 |
Jun 1, 2012 | 185.20 |
May 1, 2012 | 182.19 |
Apr 1, 2012 | 178.64 |
Mar 1, 2012 | 175.81 |
Feb 1, 2012 | 174.69 |
Jan 1, 2012 | 175.67 |
Dec 1, 2011 | 177.76 |
Nov 1, 2011 | 179.27 |
Oct 1, 2011 | 181.42 |
Sep 1, 2011 | 183.35 |
Aug 1, 2011 | 185.73 |
Jul 1, 2011 | 186.98 |
Jun 1, 2011 | 186.62 |
May 1, 2011 | 184.78 |
Apr 1, 2011 | 183.63 |
Mar 1, 2011 | 183.01 |
Feb 1, 2011 | 184.72 |
Jan 1, 2011 | 187.39 |
Dec 1, 2010 | 190.43 |
Nov 1, 2010 | 192.37 |
Oct 1, 2010 | 194.22 |
Sep 1, 2010 | 196.46 |
Aug 1, 2010 | 199.03 |
Jul 1, 2010 | 200.86 |
Jun 1, 2010 | 201.11 |
May 1, 2010 | 200.00 |
Apr 1, 2010 | 197.93 |
Mar 1, 2010 | 195.84 |
Feb 1, 2010 | 195.90 |
Jan 1, 2010 | 198.61 |
Dec 1, 2009 | 201.59 |
Nov 1, 2009 | 202.98 |
Oct 1, 2009 | 204.02 |
Sep 1, 2009 | 205.64 |
Aug 1, 2009 | 207.20 |
Jul 1, 2009 | 207.78 |
Jun 1, 2009 | 206.14 |
May 1, 2009 | 205.66 |
Apr 1, 2009 | 204.55 |
Mar 1, 2009 | 204.46 |
Feb 1, 2009 | 206.49 |
Jan 1, 2009 | 209.96 |
Dec 1, 2008 | 215.38 |
Nov 1, 2008 | 218.07 |
Oct 1, 2008 | 218.14 |
Sep 1, 2008 | 219.67 |
Aug 1, 2008 | 222.58 |
Jul 1, 2008 | 223.62 |
Jun 1, 2008 | 225.91 |
May 1, 2008 | 228.84 |
Apr 1, 2008 | 231.18 |
Mar 1, 2008 | 233.40 |
Feb 1, 2008 | 237.24 |
Jan 1, 2008 | 240.57 |
Dec 1, 2007 | 244.96 |
Nov 1, 2007 | 247.38 |
Oct 1, 2007 | 252.20 |
Sep 1, 2007 | 255.00 |
Aug 1, 2007 | 257.30 |
Jul 1, 2007 | 257.90 |
Jun 1, 2007 | 258.62 |
May 1, 2007 | 259.60 |
Apr 1, 2007 | 261.55 |
Mar 1, 2007 | 263.34 |
Feb 1, 2007 | 266.14 |
Jan 1, 2007 | 267.93 |
Dec 1, 2006 | 269.50 |
Nov 1, 2006 | 270.49 |
Oct 1, 2006 | 270.71 |
Sep 1, 2006 | 269.46 |
Aug 1, 2006 | 268.43 |
Jul 1, 2006 | 269.26 |
Jun 1, 2006 | 269.96 |
May 1, 2006 | 270.24 |
Apr 1, 2006 | 270.51 |
Mar 1, 2006 | 271.47 |
Feb 1, 2006 | 271.12 |
Jan 1, 2006 | 270.65 |
Dec 1, 2005 | 271.63 |
Nov 1, 2005 | 269.88 |
Oct 1, 2005 | 266.33 |
Sep 1, 2005 | 265.16 |
Aug 1, 2005 | 265.85 |
Jul 1, 2005 | 264.44 |
Jun 1, 2005 | 262.48 |
May 1, 2005 | 258.84 |
Apr 1, 2005 | 254.70 |
Mar 1, 2005 | 252.70 |
Feb 1, 2005 | 250.58 |
Jan 1, 2005 | 249.23 |
Dec 1, 2004 | 247.47 |
Nov 1, 2004 | 244.74 |
Oct 1, 2004 | 243.00 |
Sep 1, 2004 | 242.42 |
Aug 1, 2004 | 240.90 |
Jul 1, 2004 | 238.72 |
Jun 1, 2004 | 235.50 |
May 1, 2004 | 232.82 |
Apr 1, 2004 | 230.78 |
Mar 1, 2004 | 228.20 |
Feb 1, 2004 | 226.41 |
Jan 1, 2004 | 225.50 |
Dec 1, 2003 | 224.86 |
Nov 1, 2003 | 223.23 |
Oct 1, 2003 | 221.36 |
Sep 1, 2003 | 219.68 |
Aug 1, 2003 | 218.59 |
Jul 1, 2003 | 217.31 |
Jun 1, 2003 | 215.25 |
May 1, 2003 | 213.24 |
Apr 1, 2003 | 210.71 |
Mar 1, 2003 | 208.35 |
Feb 1, 2003 | 208.02 |
Jan 1, 2003 | 208.51 |
Dec 1, 2002 | 208.61 |
Nov 1, 2002 | 207.32 |
Oct 1, 2002 | 206.48 |
Sep 1, 2002 | 205.77 |
Aug 1, 2002 | 204.87 |
Jul 1, 2002 | 203.84 |
Jun 1, 2002 | 201.82 |
May 1, 2002 | 199.39 |
Apr 1, 2002 | 196.78 |
Mar 1, 2002 | 195.76 |
Feb 1, 2002 | 195.17 |
Jan 1, 2002 | 195.14 |
Dec 1, 2001 | 194.94 |
Nov 1, 2001 | 193.80 |
Oct 1, 2001 | 193.21 |
Sep 1, 2001 | 192.21 |
Aug 1, 2001 | 192.27 |
Jul 1, 2001 | 191.00 |
Jun 1, 2001 | 188.87 |
May 1, 2001 | 187.40 |
Apr 1, 2001 | 186.65 |
Mar 1, 2001 | 185.96 |
Feb 1, 2001 | 185.10 |
Jan 1, 2001 | 185.13 |
Dec 1, 2000 | 185.57 |
Nov 1, 2000 | 184.61 |
Oct 1, 2000 | 183.76 |
Sep 1, 2000 | 183.07 |
Aug 1, 2000 | 182.96 |
Jul 1, 2000 | 181.58 |
Jun 1, 2000 | 180.52 |
May 1, 2000 | 179.46 |
Apr 1, 2000 | 177.66 |
Mar 1, 2000 | 175.91 |
Feb 1, 2000 | 175.79 |
Jan 1, 2000 | 175.83 |
Dec 1, 1999 | 175.61 |
Nov 1, 1999 | 174.92 |
Oct 1, 1999 | 174.46 |
Sep 1, 1999 | 174.01 |
Aug 1, 1999 | 173.94 |
Jul 1, 1999 | 173.11 |
Jun 1, 1999 | 172.15 |
May 1, 1999 | 170.36 |
Apr 1, 1999 | 168.70 |
Mar 1, 1999 | 168.44 |
Feb 1, 1999 | 167.81 |
Jan 1, 1999 | 167.53 |
Dec 1, 1998 | 167.45 |
Nov 1, 1998 | 166.91 |
Oct 1, 1998 | 166.55 |
Sep 1, 1998 | 166.50 |
Aug 1, 1998 | 166.09 |
Jul 1, 1998 | 165.29 |
Jun 1, 1998 | 164.29 |
May 1, 1998 | 163.00 |
Apr 1, 1998 | 161.80 |
Mar 1, 1998 | 160.86 |
Feb 1, 1998 | 160.24 |
Jan 1, 1998 | 160.15 |
Dec 1, 1997 | 159.86 |
Nov 1, 1997 | 159.28 |
Oct 1, 1997 | 158.76 |
Sep 1, 1997 | 158.97 |
Aug 1, 1997 | 159.07 |
Jul 1, 1997 | 158.81 |
Jun 1, 1997 | 158.17 |
May 1, 1997 | 157.39 |
Apr 1, 1997 | 156.27 |
Mar 1, 1997 | 155.71 |
Feb 1, 1997 | 155.50 |
Jan 1, 1997 | 155.88 |
Dec 1, 1996 | 156.30 |
Nov 1, 1996 | 156.43 |
Oct 1, 1996 | 156.85 |
Sep 1, 1996 | 157.48 |
Aug 1, 1996 | 157.89 |
Jul 1, 1996 | 157.76 |
Jun 1, 1996 | 157.36 |
May 1, 1996 | 156.60 |
Apr 1, 1996 | 155.99 |
Mar 1, 1996 | 155.72 |
Feb 1, 1996 | 156.01 |
Jan 1, 1996 | 156.57 |
Dec 1, 1995 | 157.66 |
Nov 1, 1995 | 157.77 |
Oct 1, 1995 | 157.86 |
Sep 1, 1995 | 158.40 |
Aug 1, 1995 | 158.53 |
Jul 1, 1995 | 158.48 |
Jun 1, 1995 | 157.82 |
May 1, 1995 | 157.39 |
Apr 1, 1995 | 157.07 |
Mar 1, 1995 | 157.02 |
Feb 1, 1995 | 157.37 |
Jan 1, 1995 | 158.05 |
Dec 1, 1994 | 158.79 |
Nov 1, 1994 | 158.97 |
Oct 1, 1994 | 159.44 |
Sep 1, 1994 | 159.62 |
Aug 1, 1994 | 160.01 |
Jul 1, 1994 | 160.16 |
Jun 1, 1994 | 159.85 |
May 1, 1994 | 159.41 |
Apr 1, 1994 | 158.49 |
Mar 1, 1994 | 158.00 |
Feb 1, 1994 | 158.23 |
Jan 1, 1994 | 158.77 |
Dec 1, 1993 | 159.02 |
Nov 1, 1993 | 159.15 |
Oct 1, 1993 | 159.26 |
Sep 1, 1993 | 159.96 |
Aug 1, 1993 | 160.14 |
Jul 1, 1993 | 160.09 |
Jun 1, 1993 | 159.33 |
May 1, 1993 | 158.55 |
Apr 1, 1993 | 158.02 |
Mar 1, 1993 | 157.89 |
Feb 1, 1993 | 158.31 |
Jan 1, 1993 | 159.01 |
Dec 1, 1992 | 159.94 |
Nov 1, 1992 | 160.08 |
Oct 1, 1992 | 160.33 |
Sep 1, 1992 | 160.96 |
Aug 1, 1992 | 161.63 |
Jul 1, 1992 | 162.04 |
Jun 1, 1992 | 162.16 |
May 1, 1992 | 162.31 |
Apr 1, 1992 | 161.87 |
Mar 1, 1992 | 161.52 |
Feb 1, 1992 | 162.00 |
Jan 1, 1992 | 162.69 |
Dec 1, 1991 | 163.21 |
Nov 1, 1991 | 163.78 |
Oct 1, 1991 | 164.79 |
Sep 1, 1991 | 165.64 |
Aug 1, 1991 | 166.41 |
Jul 1, 1991 | 166.72 |
Jun 1, 1991 | 166.40 |
May 1, 1991 | 165.84 |
Apr 1, 1991 | 165.32 |
Mar 1, 1991 | 165.20 |
Feb 1, 1991 | 165.68 |
Jan 1, 1991 | 166.55 |
Dec 1, 1990 | 168.52 |
Nov 1, 1990 | 169.43 |
Oct 1, 1990 | 170.99 |
Sep 1, 1990 | 172.71 |
Aug 1, 1990 | 174.72 |
Jul 1, 1990 | 176.53 |
Jun 1, 1990 | 177.07 |
May 1, 1990 | 177.57 |
Apr 1, 1990 | 177.39 |
Mar 1, 1990 | 177.09 |
Feb 1, 1990 | 177.59 |
Jan 1, 1990 | 178.29 |
Dec 1, 1989 | 180.06 |
Nov 1, 1989 | 180.39 |
Oct 1, 1989 | 180.75 |
Sep 1, 1989 | 181.47 |
Aug 1, 1989 | 181.70 |
Jul 1, 1989 | 181.44 |
Jun 1, 1989 | 181.04 |
May 1, 1989 | 180.52 |
Apr 1, 1989 | 180.51 |
Mar 1, 1989 | 180.58 |
Feb 1, 1989 | 180.54 |
Jan 1, 1989 | 180.43 |
Dec 1, 1988 | 180.52 |
Nov 1, 1988 | 180.30 |
Oct 1, 1988 | 179.83 |
Sep 1, 1988 | 179.81 |
Aug 1, 1988 | 180.07 |
Jul 1, 1988 | 179.58 |
Jun 1, 1988 | 178.78 |
May 1, 1988 | 177.88 |
Apr 1, 1988 | 176.91 |
Mar 1, 1988 | 176.65 |
Feb 1, 1988 | 176.36 |
Jan 1, 1988 | 175.97 |
Dec 1, 1987 | 175.81 |
Nov 1, 1987 | 175.17 |
Oct 1, 1987 | 174.83 |
Sep 1, 1987 | 174.57 |
Aug 1, 1987 | 174.58 |
Jul 1, 1987 | 174.24 |
Jun 1, 1987 | 173.21 |
May 1, 1987 | 172.07 |
Apr 1, 1987 | 171.18 |
Mar 1, 1987 | 170.74 |
Feb 1, 1987 | 170.61 |
Jan 1, 1987 | 170.15 |
Dec 1, 1986 | 163.19 |
Sep 1, 1986 | 161.11 |
Jun 1, 1986 | 159.50 |
Mar 1, 1986 | 157.28 |
Dec 1, 1985 | 153.56 |
Sep 1, 1985 | 153.14 |
Jun 1, 1985 | 151.56 |
Mar 1, 1985 | 150.87 |
Dec 1, 1984 | 150.35 |
Sep 1, 1984 | 149.37 |
Jun 1, 1984 | 149.76 |
Mar 1, 1984 | 148.95 |
Dec 1, 1983 | 148.66 |
Sep 1, 1983 | 148.99 |
Jun 1, 1983 | 149.85 |
Mar 1, 1983 | 150.49 |
Dec 1, 1982 | 148.23 |
Sep 1, 1982 | 146.72 |
Jun 1, 1982 | 149.00 |
Mar 1, 1982 | 152.23 |
Dec 1, 1981 | 151.43 |
Sep 1, 1981 | 152.26 |
Jun 1, 1981 | 154.53 |
Mar 1, 1981 | 154.49 |
Dec 1, 1980 | 157.45 |
Sep 1, 1980 | 161.36 |
Jun 1, 1980 | 159.00 |
Mar 1, 1980 | 161.66 |
Dec 1, 1979 | 166.12 |
Sep 1, 1979 | 167.39 |
Jun 1, 1979 | 169.03 |
Mar 1, 1979 | 169.96 |
Dec 1, 1978 | 167.34 |
Sep 1, 1978 | 165.39 |
Jun 1, 1978 | 164.00 |
Mar 1, 1978 | 162.04 |
Dec 1, 1977 | 160.30 |
Sep 1, 1977 | 156.75 |
Jun 1, 1977 | 155.08 |
Mar 1, 1977 | 151.27 |
Dec 1, 1976 | 149.78 |
Sep 1, 1976 | 149.09 |
Jun 1, 1976 | 149.68 |
Mar 1, 1976 | 146.91 |
Dec 1, 1975 | 145.93 |
Sep 1, 1975 | 145.92 |
Jun 1, 1975 | 149.27 |
Mar 1, 1975 | 148.26 |
Dec 1, 1974 | 143.92 |
Sep 1, 1974 | 143.56 |
Jun 1, 1974 | 145.36 |
Mar 1, 1974 | 146.26 |
Dec 1, 1973 | 147.89 |
Sep 1, 1973 | 148.45 |
Jun 1, 1973 | 150.47 |
Mar 1, 1973 | 153.17 |
Dec 1, 1972 | 156.25 |
Sep 1, 1972 | 157.62 |
Jun 1, 1972 | 156.38 |
Mar 1, 1972 | 156.58 |
Dec 1, 1971 | 156.37 |
Sep 1, 1971 | 155.66 |
Jun 1, 1971 | 154.27 |
Mar 1, 1971 | 154.90 |
Dec 1, 1970 | 154.66 |
Sep 1, 1970 | 153.85 |
Jun 1, 1970 | 152.48 |
Mar 1, 1970 | 152.19 |
Dec 1, 1969 | 150.90 |
Sep 1, 1969 | 150.30 |
Jun 1, 1969 | 149.45 |
Mar 1, 1969 | 149.70 |
Dec 1, 1968 | 149.19 |
Sep 1, 1968 | 148.16 |
Jun 1, 1968 | 148.36 |
Mar 1, 1968 | 149.94 |
Dec 1, 1967 | 150.82 |
Sep 1, 1967 | 150.71 |
Jun 1, 1967 | 150.96 |
Mar 1, 1967 | 151.72 |
Dec 1, 1966 | 152.13 |
Sep 1, 1966 | 152.39 |
Jun 1, 1966 | 153.64 |
Mar 1, 1966 | 154.71 |
Dec 1, 1965 | 155.32 |
Sep 1, 1965 | 154.65 |
Jun 1, 1965 | 154.39 |
Mar 1, 1965 | 156.62 |
Dec 1, 1964 | 156.15 |
Sep 1, 1964 | 155.51 |
Jun 1, 1964 | 155.09 |
Mar 1, 1964 | 156.19 |
Dec 1, 1963 | 155.10 |
Sep 1, 1963 | 155.24 |
Jun 1, 1963 | 155.52 |
Mar 1, 1963 | 155.04 |
Dec 1, 1962 | 155.05 |
Sep 1, 1962 | 155.38 |
Jun 1, 1962 | 156.08 |
Mar 1, 1962 | 156.09 |
Dec 1, 1961 | 156.16 |
Sep 1, 1961 | 155.43 |
Jun 1, 1961 | 155.80 |
Mar 1, 1961 | 156.08 |
Dec 1, 1960 | 156.36 |
Sep 1, 1960 | 156.57 |
Jun 1, 1960 | 156.22 |
Mar 1, 1960 | 157.63 |
Dec 1, 1959 | 157.52 |
Sep 1, 1959 | 157.13 |
Jun 1, 1959 | 158.50 |
Mar 1, 1959 | 159.19 |
Dec 1, 1958 | 159.43 |
Sep 1, 1958 | 159.72 |
Jun 1, 1958 | 160.47 |
Mar 1, 1958 | 159.80 |
Dec 1, 1957 | 161.52 |
Sep 1, 1957 | 160.90 |
Jun 1, 1957 | 162.05 |
Mar 1, 1957 | 162.04 |
Dec 1, 1956 | 161.69 |
Sep 1, 1956 | 162.99 |
Jun 1, 1956 | 161.03 |
Mar 1, 1956 | 164.06 |
Dec 1, 1955 | 165.38 |
Sep 1, 1955 | 164.77 |
Jun 1, 1955 | 164.17 |
Mar 1, 1955 | 165.31 |
Dec 1, 1954 | 165.49 |
Sep 1, 1954 | 164.63 |
Jun 1, 1954 | 162.95 |
Mar 1, 1954 | 163.01 |
Dec 1, 1953 | 162.95 |
Sep 1, 1953 | 162.89 |
Jun 1, 1953 | 162.87 |
Mar 1, 1953 | 163.58 |
Dec 1, 1952 | 147.16 |
Dec 1, 1951 | 142.01 |
Dec 1, 1950 | 141.95 |
Dec 1, 1949 | 145.09 |
Dec 1, 1948 | 141.95 |
Dec 1, 1947 | 143.25 |
Dec 1, 1946 | 128.57 |
Dec 1, 1945 | 122.38 |
Dec 1, 1944 | 111.95 |
Dec 1, 1943 | 98.23 |
Dec 1, 1942 | 90.75 |
Dec 1, 1941 | 95.76 |
Dec 1, 1940 | 114.90 |
Dec 1, 1939 | 112.01 |
Dec 1, 1938 | 113.49 |
Dec 1, 1937 | 111.31 |
Dec 1, 1936 | 111.63 |
Dec 1, 1935 | 109.72 |
Dec 1, 1934 | 102.94 |
Dec 1, 1933 | 101.55 |
Dec 1, 1932 | 106.38 |
Dec 1, 1931 | 106.61 |
Dec 1, 1930 | 105.25 |
Dec 1, 1929 | 102.95 |
Dec 1, 1928 | 105.72 |
Dec 1, 1927 | 102.97 |
Dec 1, 1926 | 104.54 |
Dec 1, 1925 | 107.73 |
Dec 1, 1924 | 105.93 |
Dec 1, 1923 | 105.73 |
Dec 1, 1922 | 106.66 |
Dec 1, 1921 | 102.76 |
Dec 1, 1920 | 93.74 |
Dec 1, 1919 | 87.79 |
Dec 1, 1918 | 91.43 |
Dec 1, 1917 | 103.53 |
Dec 1, 1916 | 119.83 |
Dec 1, 1915 | 123.26 |
Dec 1, 1914 | 136.92 |
Dec 1, 1913 | 133.33 |
Dec 1, 1912 | 137.46 |
Dec 1, 1911 | 142.01 |
Dec 1, 1910 | 142.35 |
Dec 1, 1909 | 121.77 |
Dec 1, 1908 | 137.70 |
Dec 1, 1907 | 157.64 |
Dec 1, 1906 | 139.83 |
Dec 1, 1905 | 124.39 |
Dec 1, 1904 | 141.95 |
Dec 1, 1903 | 142.05 |
Dec 1, 1902 | 132.18 |
Dec 1, 1901 | 120.12 |
Dec 1, 1900 | 150.31 |
Dec 1, 1899 | 126.64 |
Dec 1, 1898 | 154.81 |
Dec 1, 1897 | 147.56 |
Dec 1, 1896 | 143.04 |
Dec 1, 1895 | 162.66 |
Dec 1, 1894 | 184.35 |
Dec 1, 1893 | 147.64 |
Dec 1, 1892 | 131.00 |
Dec 1, 1891 | 130.21 |
Dec 1, 1890 | 137.40 |
US national index levels, not seasonally adjusted. Historic prices are inflation adjusted December, 2022 dollars.
Data is courtesy
Robert Shiller, from
his book, Irrational Exuberance, and
Standard and Poor’s.