Date | Index Value |
---|---|
Oct 1, 2017 | 240.60 |
Sep 1, 2017 | 240.05 |
Aug 1, 2017 | 240.66 |
Jul 1, 2017 | 240.30 |
Jun 1, 2017 | 238.56 |
May 1, 2017 | 236.62 |
Apr 1, 2017 | 234.33 |
Mar 1, 2017 | 232.49 |
Feb 1, 2017 | 230.77 |
Jan 1, 2017 | 231.02 |
Dec 1, 2016 | 232.07 |
Nov 1, 2016 | 231.89 |
Oct 1, 2016 | 231.24 |
Sep 1, 2016 | 231.40 |
Aug 1, 2016 | 231.57 |
Jul 1, 2016 | 230.96 |
Jun 1, 2016 | 229.17 |
May 1, 2016 | 227.91 |
Apr 1, 2016 | 226.48 |
Mar 1, 2016 | 225.14 |
Feb 1, 2016 | 224.43 |
Jan 1, 2016 | 224.31 |
Dec 1, 2015 | 224.76 |
Nov 1, 2015 | 224.02 |
Oct 1, 2015 | 223.40 |
Sep 1, 2015 | 223.29 |
Aug 1, 2015 | 222.79 |
Jul 1, 2015 | 221.90 |
Jun 1, 2015 | 220.60 |
May 1, 2015 | 219.33 |
Apr 1, 2015 | 218.02 |
Mar 1, 2015 | 216.05 |
Feb 1, 2015 | 215.45 |
Jan 1, 2015 | 215.88 |
Dec 1, 2014 | 215.13 |
Nov 1, 2014 | 214.16 |
Oct 1, 2014 | 213.32 |
Sep 1, 2014 | 213.21 |
Aug 1, 2014 | 213.62 |
Jul 1, 2014 | 212.86 |
Jun 1, 2014 | 211.60 |
May 1, 2014 | 210.06 |
Apr 1, 2014 | 208.60 |
Mar 1, 2014 | 207.01 |
Feb 1, 2014 | 206.65 |
Jan 1, 2014 | 206.75 |
Dec 1, 2013 | 207.40 |
Nov 1, 2013 | 207.49 |
Oct 1, 2013 | 207.30 |
Sep 1, 2013 | 206.91 |
Aug 1, 2013 | 206.78 |
Jul 1, 2013 | 205.59 |
Jun 1, 2013 | 203.27 |
May 1, 2013 | 200.41 |
Apr 1, 2013 | 197.00 |
Mar 1, 2013 | 192.87 |
Feb 1, 2013 | 189.70 |
Jan 1, 2013 | 190.14 |
Dec 1, 2012 | 190.12 |
Nov 1, 2012 | 189.72 |
Oct 1, 2012 | 188.82 |
Sep 1, 2012 | 189.26 |
Aug 1, 2012 | 190.57 |
Jul 1, 2012 | 191.07 |
Jun 1, 2012 | 189.29 |
May 1, 2012 | 186.22 |
Apr 1, 2012 | 182.60 |
Mar 1, 2012 | 179.70 |
Feb 1, 2012 | 178.56 |
Jan 1, 2012 | 179.56 |
Dec 1, 2011 | 181.69 |
Nov 1, 2011 | 183.24 |
Oct 1, 2011 | 185.43 |
Sep 1, 2011 | 187.40 |
Aug 1, 2011 | 189.84 |
Jul 1, 2011 | 191.12 |
Jun 1, 2011 | 190.75 |
May 1, 2011 | 188.87 |
Apr 1, 2011 | 187.69 |
Mar 1, 2011 | 187.05 |
Feb 1, 2011 | 188.81 |
Jan 1, 2011 | 191.53 |
Dec 1, 2010 | 194.64 |
Nov 1, 2010 | 196.63 |
Oct 1, 2010 | 198.51 |
Sep 1, 2010 | 200.80 |
Aug 1, 2010 | 203.44 |
Jul 1, 2010 | 205.30 |
Jun 1, 2010 | 205.55 |
May 1, 2010 | 204.42 |
Apr 1, 2010 | 202.31 |
Mar 1, 2010 | 200.17 |
Feb 1, 2010 | 200.23 |
Jan 1, 2010 | 203.00 |
Dec 1, 2009 | 206.05 |
Nov 1, 2009 | 207.47 |
Oct 1, 2009 | 208.53 |
Sep 1, 2009 | 210.19 |
Aug 1, 2009 | 211.79 |
Jul 1, 2009 | 212.37 |
Jun 1, 2009 | 210.70 |
May 1, 2009 | 210.21 |
Apr 1, 2009 | 209.07 |
Mar 1, 2009 | 208.98 |
Feb 1, 2009 | 211.06 |
Jan 1, 2009 | 214.61 |
Dec 1, 2008 | 220.15 |
Nov 1, 2008 | 222.90 |
Oct 1, 2008 | 222.97 |
Sep 1, 2008 | 224.53 |
Aug 1, 2008 | 227.50 |
Jul 1, 2008 | 228.57 |
Jun 1, 2008 | 230.90 |
May 1, 2008 | 233.90 |
Apr 1, 2008 | 236.30 |
Mar 1, 2008 | 238.57 |
Feb 1, 2008 | 242.48 |
Jan 1, 2008 | 245.89 |
Dec 1, 2007 | 250.38 |
Nov 1, 2007 | 252.85 |
Oct 1, 2007 | 257.78 |
Sep 1, 2007 | 260.64 |
Aug 1, 2007 | 263.00 |
Jul 1, 2007 | 263.61 |
Jun 1, 2007 | 264.34 |
May 1, 2007 | 265.35 |
Apr 1, 2007 | 267.34 |
Mar 1, 2007 | 269.16 |
Feb 1, 2007 | 272.03 |
Jan 1, 2007 | 273.86 |
Dec 1, 2006 | 275.46 |
Nov 1, 2006 | 276.47 |
Oct 1, 2006 | 276.69 |
Sep 1, 2006 | 275.42 |
Aug 1, 2006 | 274.37 |
Jul 1, 2006 | 275.22 |
Jun 1, 2006 | 275.93 |
May 1, 2006 | 276.22 |
Apr 1, 2006 | 276.49 |
Mar 1, 2006 | 277.48 |
Feb 1, 2006 | 277.12 |
Jan 1, 2006 | 276.64 |
Dec 1, 2005 | 277.64 |
Nov 1, 2005 | 275.85 |
Oct 1, 2005 | 272.22 |
Sep 1, 2005 | 271.03 |
Aug 1, 2005 | 271.73 |
Jul 1, 2005 | 270.29 |
Jun 1, 2005 | 268.29 |
May 1, 2005 | 264.57 |
Apr 1, 2005 | 260.34 |
Mar 1, 2005 | 258.29 |
Feb 1, 2005 | 256.12 |
Jan 1, 2005 | 254.75 |
Dec 1, 2004 | 252.94 |
Nov 1, 2004 | 250.16 |
Oct 1, 2004 | 248.38 |
Sep 1, 2004 | 247.79 |
Aug 1, 2004 | 246.23 |
Jul 1, 2004 | 244.00 |
Jun 1, 2004 | 240.71 |
May 1, 2004 | 237.97 |
Apr 1, 2004 | 235.88 |
Mar 1, 2004 | 233.25 |
Feb 1, 2004 | 231.42 |
Jan 1, 2004 | 230.49 |
Dec 1, 2003 | 229.83 |
Nov 1, 2003 | 228.17 |
Oct 1, 2003 | 226.26 |
Sep 1, 2003 | 224.54 |
Aug 1, 2003 | 223.43 |
Jul 1, 2003 | 222.12 |
Jun 1, 2003 | 220.02 |
May 1, 2003 | 217.96 |
Apr 1, 2003 | 215.37 |
Mar 1, 2003 | 212.96 |
Feb 1, 2003 | 212.62 |
Jan 1, 2003 | 213.12 |
Dec 1, 2002 | 213.23 |
Nov 1, 2002 | 211.90 |
Oct 1, 2002 | 211.05 |
Sep 1, 2002 | 210.33 |
Aug 1, 2002 | 209.40 |
Jul 1, 2002 | 208.35 |
Jun 1, 2002 | 206.28 |
May 1, 2002 | 203.80 |
Apr 1, 2002 | 201.13 |
Mar 1, 2002 | 200.09 |
Feb 1, 2002 | 199.49 |
Jan 1, 2002 | 199.46 |
Dec 1, 2001 | 199.25 |
Nov 1, 2001 | 198.09 |
Oct 1, 2001 | 197.48 |
Sep 1, 2001 | 196.46 |
Aug 1, 2001 | 196.53 |
Jul 1, 2001 | 195.23 |
Jun 1, 2001 | 193.04 |
May 1, 2001 | 191.54 |
Apr 1, 2001 | 190.78 |
Mar 1, 2001 | 190.08 |
Feb 1, 2001 | 189.20 |
Jan 1, 2001 | 189.23 |
Dec 1, 2000 | 189.67 |
Nov 1, 2000 | 188.69 |
Oct 1, 2000 | 187.82 |
Sep 1, 2000 | 187.12 |
Aug 1, 2000 | 187.00 |
Jul 1, 2000 | 185.60 |
Jun 1, 2000 | 184.52 |
May 1, 2000 | 183.43 |
Apr 1, 2000 | 181.59 |
Mar 1, 2000 | 179.80 |
Feb 1, 2000 | 179.68 |
Jan 1, 2000 | 179.72 |
Dec 1, 1999 | 179.49 |
Nov 1, 1999 | 178.79 |
Oct 1, 1999 | 178.32 |
Sep 1, 1999 | 177.86 |
Aug 1, 1999 | 177.79 |
Jul 1, 1999 | 176.94 |
Jun 1, 1999 | 175.96 |
May 1, 1999 | 174.13 |
Apr 1, 1999 | 172.44 |
Mar 1, 1999 | 172.16 |
Feb 1, 1999 | 171.52 |
Jan 1, 1999 | 171.23 |
Dec 1, 1998 | 171.15 |
Nov 1, 1998 | 170.60 |
Oct 1, 1998 | 170.23 |
Sep 1, 1998 | 170.19 |
Aug 1, 1998 | 169.76 |
Jul 1, 1998 | 168.95 |
Jun 1, 1998 | 167.93 |
May 1, 1998 | 166.61 |
Apr 1, 1998 | 165.38 |
Mar 1, 1998 | 164.42 |
Feb 1, 1998 | 163.79 |
Jan 1, 1998 | 163.70 |
Dec 1, 1997 | 163.40 |
Nov 1, 1997 | 162.80 |
Oct 1, 1997 | 162.27 |
Sep 1, 1997 | 162.48 |
Aug 1, 1997 | 162.59 |
Jul 1, 1997 | 162.32 |
Jun 1, 1997 | 161.67 |
May 1, 1997 | 160.87 |
Apr 1, 1997 | 159.73 |
Mar 1, 1997 | 159.15 |
Feb 1, 1997 | 158.94 |
Jan 1, 1997 | 159.33 |
Dec 1, 1996 | 159.75 |
Nov 1, 1996 | 159.89 |
Oct 1, 1996 | 160.32 |
Sep 1, 1996 | 160.97 |
Aug 1, 1996 | 161.38 |
Jul 1, 1996 | 161.25 |
Jun 1, 1996 | 160.84 |
May 1, 1996 | 160.07 |
Apr 1, 1996 | 159.45 |
Mar 1, 1996 | 159.16 |
Feb 1, 1996 | 159.46 |
Jan 1, 1996 | 160.03 |
Dec 1, 1995 | 161.15 |
Nov 1, 1995 | 161.26 |
Oct 1, 1995 | 161.35 |
Sep 1, 1995 | 161.90 |
Aug 1, 1995 | 162.04 |
Jul 1, 1995 | 161.99 |
Jun 1, 1995 | 161.31 |
May 1, 1995 | 160.87 |
Apr 1, 1995 | 160.55 |
Mar 1, 1995 | 160.50 |
Feb 1, 1995 | 160.85 |
Jan 1, 1995 | 161.55 |
Dec 1, 1994 | 162.30 |
Nov 1, 1994 | 162.48 |
Oct 1, 1994 | 162.96 |
Sep 1, 1994 | 163.15 |
Aug 1, 1994 | 163.55 |
Jul 1, 1994 | 163.70 |
Jun 1, 1994 | 163.39 |
May 1, 1994 | 162.93 |
Apr 1, 1994 | 161.99 |
Mar 1, 1994 | 161.49 |
Feb 1, 1994 | 161.73 |
Jan 1, 1994 | 162.28 |
Dec 1, 1993 | 162.54 |
Nov 1, 1993 | 162.67 |
Oct 1, 1993 | 162.78 |
Sep 1, 1993 | 163.49 |
Aug 1, 1993 | 163.69 |
Jul 1, 1993 | 163.64 |
Jun 1, 1993 | 162.86 |
May 1, 1993 | 162.05 |
Apr 1, 1993 | 161.52 |
Mar 1, 1993 | 161.38 |
Feb 1, 1993 | 161.81 |
Jan 1, 1993 | 162.53 |
Dec 1, 1992 | 163.48 |
Nov 1, 1992 | 163.62 |
Oct 1, 1992 | 163.88 |
Sep 1, 1992 | 164.52 |
Aug 1, 1992 | 165.20 |
Jul 1, 1992 | 165.63 |
Jun 1, 1992 | 165.75 |
May 1, 1992 | 165.91 |
Apr 1, 1992 | 165.45 |
Mar 1, 1992 | 165.10 |
Feb 1, 1992 | 165.58 |
Jan 1, 1992 | 166.29 |
Dec 1, 1991 | 166.82 |
Nov 1, 1991 | 167.40 |
Oct 1, 1991 | 168.44 |
Sep 1, 1991 | 169.30 |
Aug 1, 1991 | 170.09 |
Jul 1, 1991 | 170.41 |
Jun 1, 1991 | 170.08 |
May 1, 1991 | 169.51 |
Apr 1, 1991 | 168.98 |
Mar 1, 1991 | 168.85 |
Feb 1, 1991 | 169.35 |
Jan 1, 1991 | 170.23 |
Dec 1, 1990 | 172.25 |
Nov 1, 1990 | 173.18 |
Oct 1, 1990 | 174.77 |
Sep 1, 1990 | 176.53 |
Aug 1, 1990 | 178.58 |
Jul 1, 1990 | 180.44 |
Jun 1, 1990 | 180.99 |
May 1, 1990 | 181.50 |
Apr 1, 1990 | 181.31 |
Mar 1, 1990 | 181.00 |
Feb 1, 1990 | 181.52 |
Jan 1, 1990 | 182.23 |
Dec 1, 1989 | 184.04 |
Nov 1, 1989 | 184.38 |
Oct 1, 1989 | 184.75 |
Sep 1, 1989 | 185.49 |
Aug 1, 1989 | 185.72 |
Jul 1, 1989 | 185.46 |
Jun 1, 1989 | 185.05 |
May 1, 1989 | 184.52 |
Apr 1, 1989 | 184.51 |
Mar 1, 1989 | 184.57 |
Feb 1, 1989 | 184.54 |
Jan 1, 1989 | 184.42 |
Dec 1, 1988 | 184.51 |
Nov 1, 1988 | 184.29 |
Oct 1, 1988 | 183.81 |
Sep 1, 1988 | 183.79 |
Aug 1, 1988 | 184.06 |
Jul 1, 1988 | 183.55 |
Jun 1, 1988 | 182.74 |
May 1, 1988 | 181.81 |
Apr 1, 1988 | 180.83 |
Mar 1, 1988 | 180.56 |
Feb 1, 1988 | 180.27 |
Jan 1, 1988 | 179.87 |
Dec 1, 1987 | 179.70 |
Nov 1, 1987 | 179.05 |
Oct 1, 1987 | 178.70 |
Sep 1, 1987 | 178.43 |
Aug 1, 1987 | 178.44 |
Jul 1, 1987 | 178.10 |
Jun 1, 1987 | 177.05 |
May 1, 1987 | 175.88 |
Apr 1, 1987 | 174.97 |
Mar 1, 1987 | 174.52 |
Feb 1, 1987 | 174.38 |
Jan 1, 1987 | 173.92 |
Dec 1, 1986 | 166.80 |
Sep 1, 1986 | 164.67 |
Jun 1, 1986 | 163.03 |
Mar 1, 1986 | 160.75 |
Dec 1, 1985 | 156.96 |
Sep 1, 1985 | 156.52 |
Jun 1, 1985 | 154.91 |
Mar 1, 1985 | 154.21 |
Dec 1, 1984 | 153.68 |
Sep 1, 1984 | 152.67 |
Jun 1, 1984 | 153.08 |
Mar 1, 1984 | 152.24 |
Dec 1, 1983 | 151.95 |
Sep 1, 1983 | 152.29 |
Jun 1, 1983 | 153.17 |
Mar 1, 1983 | 153.82 |
Dec 1, 1982 | 151.51 |
Sep 1, 1982 | 149.97 |
Jun 1, 1982 | 152.30 |
Mar 1, 1982 | 155.60 |
Dec 1, 1981 | 154.78 |
Sep 1, 1981 | 155.63 |
Jun 1, 1981 | 157.94 |
Mar 1, 1981 | 157.91 |
Dec 1, 1980 | 160.94 |
Sep 1, 1980 | 164.93 |
Jun 1, 1980 | 162.52 |
Mar 1, 1980 | 165.23 |
Dec 1, 1979 | 169.80 |
Sep 1, 1979 | 171.10 |
Jun 1, 1979 | 172.77 |
Mar 1, 1979 | 173.72 |
Dec 1, 1978 | 171.04 |
Sep 1, 1978 | 169.05 |
Jun 1, 1978 | 167.63 |
Mar 1, 1978 | 165.63 |
Dec 1, 1977 | 163.85 |
Sep 1, 1977 | 160.22 |
Jun 1, 1977 | 158.52 |
Mar 1, 1977 | 154.62 |
Dec 1, 1976 | 153.09 |
Sep 1, 1976 | 152.39 |
Jun 1, 1976 | 153.00 |
Mar 1, 1976 | 150.16 |
Dec 1, 1975 | 149.16 |
Sep 1, 1975 | 149.15 |
Jun 1, 1975 | 152.57 |
Mar 1, 1975 | 151.54 |
Dec 1, 1974 | 147.11 |
Sep 1, 1974 | 146.73 |
Jun 1, 1974 | 148.57 |
Mar 1, 1974 | 149.49 |
Dec 1, 1973 | 151.17 |
Sep 1, 1973 | 151.73 |
Jun 1, 1973 | 153.80 |
Mar 1, 1973 | 156.56 |
Dec 1, 1972 | 159.71 |
Sep 1, 1972 | 161.10 |
Jun 1, 1972 | 159.84 |
Mar 1, 1972 | 160.04 |
Dec 1, 1971 | 159.83 |
Sep 1, 1971 | 159.10 |
Jun 1, 1971 | 157.68 |
Mar 1, 1971 | 158.33 |
Dec 1, 1970 | 158.08 |
Sep 1, 1970 | 157.25 |
Jun 1, 1970 | 155.86 |
Mar 1, 1970 | 155.55 |
Dec 1, 1969 | 154.24 |
Sep 1, 1969 | 153.62 |
Jun 1, 1969 | 152.76 |
Mar 1, 1969 | 153.01 |
Dec 1, 1968 | 152.49 |
Sep 1, 1968 | 151.44 |
Jun 1, 1968 | 151.64 |
Mar 1, 1968 | 153.26 |
Dec 1, 1967 | 154.16 |
Sep 1, 1967 | 154.05 |
Jun 1, 1967 | 154.30 |
Mar 1, 1967 | 155.07 |
Dec 1, 1966 | 155.49 |
Sep 1, 1966 | 155.76 |
Jun 1, 1966 | 157.04 |
Mar 1, 1966 | 158.13 |
Dec 1, 1965 | 158.76 |
Sep 1, 1965 | 158.07 |
Jun 1, 1965 | 157.80 |
Mar 1, 1965 | 160.08 |
Dec 1, 1964 | 159.60 |
Sep 1, 1964 | 158.95 |
Jun 1, 1964 | 158.52 |
Mar 1, 1964 | 159.65 |
Dec 1, 1963 | 158.53 |
Sep 1, 1963 | 158.67 |
Jun 1, 1963 | 158.96 |
Mar 1, 1963 | 158.47 |
Dec 1, 1962 | 158.48 |
Sep 1, 1962 | 158.82 |
Jun 1, 1962 | 159.53 |
Mar 1, 1962 | 159.54 |
Dec 1, 1961 | 159.62 |
Sep 1, 1961 | 158.87 |
Jun 1, 1961 | 159.24 |
Mar 1, 1961 | 159.53 |
Dec 1, 1960 | 159.82 |
Sep 1, 1960 | 160.03 |
Jun 1, 1960 | 159.68 |
Mar 1, 1960 | 161.12 |
Dec 1, 1959 | 161.00 |
Sep 1, 1959 | 160.61 |
Jun 1, 1959 | 162.01 |
Mar 1, 1959 | 162.71 |
Dec 1, 1958 | 162.95 |
Sep 1, 1958 | 163.25 |
Jun 1, 1958 | 164.02 |
Mar 1, 1958 | 163.34 |
Dec 1, 1957 | 165.09 |
Sep 1, 1957 | 164.46 |
Jun 1, 1957 | 165.63 |
Mar 1, 1957 | 165.62 |
Dec 1, 1956 | 165.26 |
Sep 1, 1956 | 166.59 |
Jun 1, 1956 | 164.59 |
Mar 1, 1956 | 167.69 |
Dec 1, 1955 | 169.04 |
Sep 1, 1955 | 168.41 |
Jun 1, 1955 | 167.80 |
Mar 1, 1955 | 168.96 |
Dec 1, 1954 | 169.16 |
Sep 1, 1954 | 168.27 |
Jun 1, 1954 | 166.55 |
Mar 1, 1954 | 166.62 |
Dec 1, 1953 | 166.55 |
Sep 1, 1953 | 166.49 |
Jun 1, 1953 | 166.47 |
Mar 1, 1953 | 167.20 |
Dec 1, 1952 | 150.41 |
Dec 1, 1951 | 145.15 |
Dec 1, 1950 | 145.09 |
Dec 1, 1949 | 148.30 |
Dec 1, 1948 | 145.09 |
Dec 1, 1947 | 146.42 |
Dec 1, 1946 | 131.41 |
Dec 1, 1945 | 125.09 |
Dec 1, 1944 | 114.43 |
Dec 1, 1943 | 100.40 |
Dec 1, 1942 | 92.76 |
Dec 1, 1941 | 97.87 |
Dec 1, 1940 | 117.44 |
Dec 1, 1939 | 114.49 |
Dec 1, 1938 | 116.00 |
Dec 1, 1937 | 113.77 |
Dec 1, 1936 | 114.10 |
Dec 1, 1935 | 112.14 |
Dec 1, 1934 | 105.22 |
Dec 1, 1933 | 103.79 |
Dec 1, 1932 | 108.73 |
Dec 1, 1931 | 108.96 |
Dec 1, 1930 | 107.58 |
Dec 1, 1929 | 105.23 |
Dec 1, 1928 | 108.06 |
Dec 1, 1927 | 105.24 |
Dec 1, 1926 | 106.85 |
Dec 1, 1925 | 110.11 |
Dec 1, 1924 | 108.28 |
Dec 1, 1923 | 108.07 |
Dec 1, 1922 | 109.02 |
Dec 1, 1921 | 105.04 |
Dec 1, 1920 | 95.81 |
Dec 1, 1919 | 89.73 |
Dec 1, 1918 | 93.46 |
Dec 1, 1917 | 105.82 |
Dec 1, 1916 | 122.48 |
Dec 1, 1915 | 125.99 |
Dec 1, 1914 | 139.95 |
Dec 1, 1913 | 136.28 |
Dec 1, 1912 | 140.50 |
Dec 1, 1911 | 145.15 |
Dec 1, 1910 | 145.50 |
Dec 1, 1909 | 124.46 |
Dec 1, 1908 | 140.75 |
Dec 1, 1907 | 161.13 |
Dec 1, 1906 | 142.93 |
Dec 1, 1905 | 127.14 |
Dec 1, 1904 | 145.09 |
Dec 1, 1903 | 145.19 |
Dec 1, 1902 | 135.11 |
Dec 1, 1901 | 122.77 |
Dec 1, 1900 | 153.64 |
Dec 1, 1899 | 129.44 |
Dec 1, 1898 | 158.23 |
Dec 1, 1897 | 150.82 |
Dec 1, 1896 | 146.20 |
Dec 1, 1895 | 166.26 |
Dec 1, 1894 | 188.43 |
Dec 1, 1893 | 150.91 |
Dec 1, 1892 | 133.90 |
Dec 1, 1891 | 133.09 |
Dec 1, 1890 | 140.44 |
US national index levels, not seasonally adjusted. Historic prices are inflation adjusted April, 2023 dollars.
Data is courtesy
Robert Shiller, from
his book, Irrational Exuberance, and
Standard and Poor’s.