Date | Index Value |
---|---|
Oct 1, 2017 | 228.02 |
Sep 1, 2017 | 227.50 |
Aug 1, 2017 | 228.08 |
Jul 1, 2017 | 227.74 |
Jun 1, 2017 | 226.09 |
May 1, 2017 | 224.25 |
Apr 1, 2017 | 222.08 |
Mar 1, 2017 | 220.33 |
Feb 1, 2017 | 218.71 |
Jan 1, 2017 | 218.94 |
Dec 1, 2016 | 219.93 |
Nov 1, 2016 | 219.77 |
Oct 1, 2016 | 219.15 |
Sep 1, 2016 | 219.31 |
Aug 1, 2016 | 219.46 |
Jul 1, 2016 | 218.89 |
Jun 1, 2016 | 217.19 |
May 1, 2016 | 216.00 |
Apr 1, 2016 | 214.64 |
Mar 1, 2016 | 213.37 |
Feb 1, 2016 | 212.70 |
Jan 1, 2016 | 212.59 |
Dec 1, 2015 | 213.01 |
Nov 1, 2015 | 212.31 |
Oct 1, 2015 | 211.73 |
Sep 1, 2015 | 211.62 |
Aug 1, 2015 | 211.14 |
Jul 1, 2015 | 210.30 |
Jun 1, 2015 | 209.06 |
May 1, 2015 | 207.86 |
Apr 1, 2015 | 206.62 |
Mar 1, 2015 | 204.76 |
Feb 1, 2015 | 204.19 |
Jan 1, 2015 | 204.59 |
Dec 1, 2014 | 203.89 |
Nov 1, 2014 | 202.96 |
Oct 1, 2014 | 202.17 |
Sep 1, 2014 | 202.06 |
Aug 1, 2014 | 202.45 |
Jul 1, 2014 | 201.73 |
Jun 1, 2014 | 200.54 |
May 1, 2014 | 199.08 |
Apr 1, 2014 | 197.70 |
Mar 1, 2014 | 196.19 |
Feb 1, 2014 | 195.84 |
Jan 1, 2014 | 195.94 |
Dec 1, 2013 | 196.56 |
Nov 1, 2013 | 196.64 |
Oct 1, 2013 | 196.46 |
Sep 1, 2013 | 196.09 |
Aug 1, 2013 | 195.97 |
Jul 1, 2013 | 194.84 |
Jun 1, 2013 | 192.64 |
May 1, 2013 | 189.93 |
Apr 1, 2013 | 186.70 |
Mar 1, 2013 | 182.79 |
Feb 1, 2013 | 179.78 |
Jan 1, 2013 | 180.20 |
Dec 1, 2012 | 180.18 |
Nov 1, 2012 | 179.80 |
Oct 1, 2012 | 178.95 |
Sep 1, 2012 | 179.37 |
Aug 1, 2012 | 180.60 |
Jul 1, 2012 | 181.08 |
Jun 1, 2012 | 179.40 |
May 1, 2012 | 176.48 |
Apr 1, 2012 | 173.05 |
Mar 1, 2012 | 170.30 |
Feb 1, 2012 | 169.22 |
Jan 1, 2012 | 170.17 |
Dec 1, 2011 | 172.19 |
Nov 1, 2011 | 173.66 |
Oct 1, 2011 | 175.74 |
Sep 1, 2011 | 177.60 |
Aug 1, 2011 | 179.92 |
Jul 1, 2011 | 181.13 |
Jun 1, 2011 | 180.78 |
May 1, 2011 | 178.99 |
Apr 1, 2011 | 177.88 |
Mar 1, 2011 | 177.28 |
Feb 1, 2011 | 178.94 |
Jan 1, 2011 | 181.52 |
Dec 1, 2010 | 184.47 |
Nov 1, 2010 | 186.35 |
Oct 1, 2010 | 188.14 |
Sep 1, 2010 | 190.31 |
Aug 1, 2010 | 192.80 |
Jul 1, 2010 | 194.57 |
Jun 1, 2010 | 194.81 |
May 1, 2010 | 193.74 |
Apr 1, 2010 | 191.74 |
Mar 1, 2010 | 189.70 |
Feb 1, 2010 | 189.77 |
Jan 1, 2010 | 192.39 |
Dec 1, 2009 | 195.28 |
Nov 1, 2009 | 196.63 |
Oct 1, 2009 | 197.63 |
Sep 1, 2009 | 199.20 |
Aug 1, 2009 | 200.71 |
Jul 1, 2009 | 201.27 |
Jun 1, 2009 | 199.69 |
May 1, 2009 | 199.22 |
Apr 1, 2009 | 198.14 |
Mar 1, 2009 | 198.05 |
Feb 1, 2009 | 200.03 |
Jan 1, 2009 | 203.39 |
Dec 1, 2008 | 208.64 |
Nov 1, 2008 | 211.24 |
Oct 1, 2008 | 211.31 |
Sep 1, 2008 | 212.79 |
Aug 1, 2008 | 215.61 |
Jul 1, 2008 | 216.62 |
Jun 1, 2008 | 218.83 |
May 1, 2008 | 221.67 |
Apr 1, 2008 | 223.94 |
Mar 1, 2008 | 226.10 |
Feb 1, 2008 | 229.81 |
Jan 1, 2008 | 233.04 |
Dec 1, 2007 | 237.29 |
Nov 1, 2007 | 239.63 |
Oct 1, 2007 | 244.30 |
Sep 1, 2007 | 247.02 |
Aug 1, 2007 | 249.25 |
Jul 1, 2007 | 249.82 |
Jun 1, 2007 | 250.52 |
May 1, 2007 | 251.48 |
Apr 1, 2007 | 253.36 |
Mar 1, 2007 | 255.09 |
Feb 1, 2007 | 257.81 |
Jan 1, 2007 | 259.54 |
Dec 1, 2006 | 261.06 |
Nov 1, 2006 | 262.02 |
Oct 1, 2006 | 262.23 |
Sep 1, 2006 | 261.02 |
Aug 1, 2006 | 260.02 |
Jul 1, 2006 | 260.83 |
Jun 1, 2006 | 261.50 |
May 1, 2006 | 261.78 |
Apr 1, 2006 | 262.04 |
Mar 1, 2006 | 262.97 |
Feb 1, 2006 | 262.63 |
Jan 1, 2006 | 262.18 |
Dec 1, 2005 | 263.12 |
Nov 1, 2005 | 261.43 |
Oct 1, 2005 | 257.99 |
Sep 1, 2005 | 256.86 |
Aug 1, 2005 | 257.52 |
Jul 1, 2005 | 256.16 |
Jun 1, 2005 | 254.26 |
May 1, 2005 | 250.74 |
Apr 1, 2005 | 246.73 |
Mar 1, 2005 | 244.79 |
Feb 1, 2005 | 242.73 |
Jan 1, 2005 | 241.43 |
Dec 1, 2004 | 239.72 |
Nov 1, 2004 | 237.08 |
Oct 1, 2004 | 235.39 |
Sep 1, 2004 | 234.83 |
Aug 1, 2004 | 233.36 |
Jul 1, 2004 | 231.25 |
Jun 1, 2004 | 228.12 |
May 1, 2004 | 225.53 |
Apr 1, 2004 | 223.55 |
Mar 1, 2004 | 221.06 |
Feb 1, 2004 | 219.32 |
Jan 1, 2004 | 218.44 |
Dec 1, 2003 | 217.82 |
Nov 1, 2003 | 216.24 |
Oct 1, 2003 | 214.43 |
Sep 1, 2003 | 212.80 |
Aug 1, 2003 | 211.75 |
Jul 1, 2003 | 210.51 |
Jun 1, 2003 | 208.51 |
May 1, 2003 | 206.56 |
Apr 1, 2003 | 204.12 |
Mar 1, 2003 | 201.83 |
Feb 1, 2003 | 201.50 |
Jan 1, 2003 | 201.98 |
Dec 1, 2002 | 202.08 |
Nov 1, 2002 | 200.82 |
Oct 1, 2002 | 200.02 |
Sep 1, 2002 | 199.33 |
Aug 1, 2002 | 198.45 |
Jul 1, 2002 | 197.45 |
Jun 1, 2002 | 195.50 |
May 1, 2002 | 193.15 |
Apr 1, 2002 | 190.62 |
Mar 1, 2002 | 189.63 |
Feb 1, 2002 | 189.06 |
Jan 1, 2002 | 189.03 |
Dec 1, 2001 | 188.84 |
Nov 1, 2001 | 187.74 |
Oct 1, 2001 | 187.16 |
Sep 1, 2001 | 186.19 |
Aug 1, 2001 | 186.25 |
Jul 1, 2001 | 185.02 |
Jun 1, 2001 | 182.95 |
May 1, 2001 | 181.53 |
Apr 1, 2001 | 180.81 |
Mar 1, 2001 | 180.14 |
Feb 1, 2001 | 179.31 |
Jan 1, 2001 | 179.33 |
Dec 1, 2000 | 179.76 |
Nov 1, 2000 | 178.83 |
Oct 1, 2000 | 178.00 |
Sep 1, 2000 | 177.34 |
Aug 1, 2000 | 177.23 |
Jul 1, 2000 | 175.90 |
Jun 1, 2000 | 174.87 |
May 1, 2000 | 173.84 |
Apr 1, 2000 | 172.10 |
Mar 1, 2000 | 170.40 |
Feb 1, 2000 | 170.28 |
Jan 1, 2000 | 170.32 |
Dec 1, 1999 | 170.11 |
Nov 1, 1999 | 169.44 |
Oct 1, 1999 | 169.00 |
Sep 1, 1999 | 168.56 |
Aug 1, 1999 | 168.49 |
Jul 1, 1999 | 167.69 |
Jun 1, 1999 | 166.76 |
May 1, 1999 | 165.03 |
Apr 1, 1999 | 163.42 |
Mar 1, 1999 | 163.16 |
Feb 1, 1999 | 162.56 |
Jan 1, 1999 | 162.28 |
Dec 1, 1998 | 162.21 |
Nov 1, 1998 | 161.69 |
Oct 1, 1998 | 161.34 |
Sep 1, 1998 | 161.29 |
Aug 1, 1998 | 160.89 |
Jul 1, 1998 | 160.12 |
Jun 1, 1998 | 159.15 |
May 1, 1998 | 157.90 |
Apr 1, 1998 | 156.74 |
Mar 1, 1998 | 155.82 |
Feb 1, 1998 | 155.22 |
Jan 1, 1998 | 155.14 |
Dec 1, 1997 | 154.86 |
Nov 1, 1997 | 154.29 |
Oct 1, 1997 | 153.79 |
Sep 1, 1997 | 153.99 |
Aug 1, 1997 | 154.09 |
Jul 1, 1997 | 153.84 |
Jun 1, 1997 | 153.22 |
May 1, 1997 | 152.46 |
Apr 1, 1997 | 151.38 |
Mar 1, 1997 | 150.83 |
Feb 1, 1997 | 150.63 |
Jan 1, 1997 | 151.00 |
Dec 1, 1996 | 151.40 |
Nov 1, 1996 | 151.53 |
Oct 1, 1996 | 151.94 |
Sep 1, 1996 | 152.55 |
Aug 1, 1996 | 152.95 |
Jul 1, 1996 | 152.82 |
Jun 1, 1996 | 152.43 |
May 1, 1996 | 151.70 |
Apr 1, 1996 | 151.11 |
Mar 1, 1996 | 150.84 |
Feb 1, 1996 | 151.12 |
Jan 1, 1996 | 151.67 |
Dec 1, 1995 | 152.72 |
Nov 1, 1995 | 152.83 |
Oct 1, 1995 | 152.92 |
Sep 1, 1995 | 153.44 |
Aug 1, 1995 | 153.57 |
Jul 1, 1995 | 153.52 |
Jun 1, 1995 | 152.88 |
May 1, 1995 | 152.46 |
Apr 1, 1995 | 152.16 |
Mar 1, 1995 | 152.11 |
Feb 1, 1995 | 152.44 |
Jan 1, 1995 | 153.11 |
Dec 1, 1994 | 153.82 |
Nov 1, 1994 | 153.99 |
Oct 1, 1994 | 154.44 |
Sep 1, 1994 | 154.62 |
Aug 1, 1994 | 155.00 |
Jul 1, 1994 | 155.14 |
Jun 1, 1994 | 154.84 |
May 1, 1994 | 154.41 |
Apr 1, 1994 | 153.52 |
Mar 1, 1994 | 153.05 |
Feb 1, 1994 | 153.28 |
Jan 1, 1994 | 153.80 |
Dec 1, 1993 | 154.05 |
Nov 1, 1993 | 154.16 |
Oct 1, 1993 | 154.27 |
Sep 1, 1993 | 154.95 |
Aug 1, 1993 | 155.13 |
Jul 1, 1993 | 155.08 |
Jun 1, 1993 | 154.34 |
May 1, 1993 | 153.58 |
Apr 1, 1993 | 153.08 |
Mar 1, 1993 | 152.94 |
Feb 1, 1993 | 153.36 |
Jan 1, 1993 | 154.03 |
Dec 1, 1992 | 154.94 |
Nov 1, 1992 | 155.07 |
Oct 1, 1992 | 155.31 |
Sep 1, 1992 | 155.92 |
Aug 1, 1992 | 156.57 |
Jul 1, 1992 | 156.97 |
Jun 1, 1992 | 157.08 |
May 1, 1992 | 157.23 |
Apr 1, 1992 | 156.80 |
Mar 1, 1992 | 156.47 |
Feb 1, 1992 | 156.92 |
Jan 1, 1992 | 157.60 |
Dec 1, 1991 | 158.10 |
Nov 1, 1991 | 158.65 |
Oct 1, 1991 | 159.63 |
Sep 1, 1991 | 160.45 |
Aug 1, 1991 | 161.20 |
Jul 1, 1991 | 161.50 |
Jun 1, 1991 | 161.19 |
May 1, 1991 | 160.65 |
Apr 1, 1991 | 160.15 |
Mar 1, 1991 | 160.02 |
Feb 1, 1991 | 160.49 |
Jan 1, 1991 | 161.33 |
Dec 1, 1990 | 163.24 |
Nov 1, 1990 | 164.12 |
Oct 1, 1990 | 165.63 |
Sep 1, 1990 | 167.30 |
Aug 1, 1990 | 169.25 |
Jul 1, 1990 | 171.00 |
Jun 1, 1990 | 171.53 |
May 1, 1990 | 172.01 |
Apr 1, 1990 | 171.83 |
Mar 1, 1990 | 171.54 |
Feb 1, 1990 | 172.03 |
Jan 1, 1990 | 172.71 |
Dec 1, 1989 | 174.42 |
Nov 1, 1989 | 174.74 |
Oct 1, 1989 | 175.09 |
Sep 1, 1989 | 175.79 |
Aug 1, 1989 | 176.01 |
Jul 1, 1989 | 175.76 |
Jun 1, 1989 | 175.38 |
May 1, 1989 | 174.87 |
Apr 1, 1989 | 174.86 |
Mar 1, 1989 | 174.92 |
Feb 1, 1989 | 174.89 |
Jan 1, 1989 | 174.78 |
Dec 1, 1988 | 174.86 |
Nov 1, 1988 | 174.65 |
Oct 1, 1988 | 174.20 |
Sep 1, 1988 | 174.18 |
Aug 1, 1988 | 174.44 |
Jul 1, 1988 | 173.96 |
Jun 1, 1988 | 173.18 |
May 1, 1988 | 172.31 |
Apr 1, 1988 | 171.37 |
Mar 1, 1988 | 171.12 |
Feb 1, 1988 | 170.84 |
Jan 1, 1988 | 170.46 |
Dec 1, 1987 | 170.31 |
Nov 1, 1987 | 169.69 |
Oct 1, 1987 | 169.36 |
Sep 1, 1987 | 169.10 |
Aug 1, 1987 | 169.11 |
Jul 1, 1987 | 168.79 |
Jun 1, 1987 | 167.79 |
May 1, 1987 | 166.68 |
Apr 1, 1987 | 165.82 |
Mar 1, 1987 | 165.40 |
Feb 1, 1987 | 165.26 |
Jan 1, 1987 | 164.82 |
Dec 1, 1986 | 158.08 |
Sep 1, 1986 | 156.06 |
Jun 1, 1986 | 154.50 |
Mar 1, 1986 | 152.35 |
Dec 1, 1985 | 148.75 |
Sep 1, 1985 | 148.34 |
Jun 1, 1985 | 146.81 |
Mar 1, 1985 | 146.14 |
Dec 1, 1984 | 145.65 |
Sep 1, 1984 | 144.69 |
Jun 1, 1984 | 145.07 |
Mar 1, 1984 | 144.28 |
Dec 1, 1983 | 144.00 |
Sep 1, 1983 | 144.33 |
Jun 1, 1983 | 145.16 |
Mar 1, 1983 | 145.78 |
Dec 1, 1982 | 143.59 |
Sep 1, 1982 | 142.13 |
Jun 1, 1982 | 144.34 |
Mar 1, 1982 | 147.47 |
Dec 1, 1981 | 146.69 |
Sep 1, 1981 | 147.49 |
Jun 1, 1981 | 149.69 |
Mar 1, 1981 | 149.65 |
Dec 1, 1980 | 152.52 |
Sep 1, 1980 | 156.31 |
Jun 1, 1980 | 154.02 |
Mar 1, 1980 | 156.59 |
Dec 1, 1979 | 160.92 |
Sep 1, 1979 | 162.15 |
Jun 1, 1979 | 163.74 |
Mar 1, 1979 | 164.64 |
Dec 1, 1978 | 162.10 |
Sep 1, 1978 | 160.21 |
Jun 1, 1978 | 158.87 |
Mar 1, 1978 | 156.97 |
Dec 1, 1977 | 155.28 |
Sep 1, 1977 | 151.85 |
Jun 1, 1977 | 150.23 |
Mar 1, 1977 | 146.53 |
Dec 1, 1976 | 145.09 |
Sep 1, 1976 | 144.42 |
Jun 1, 1976 | 145.00 |
Mar 1, 1976 | 142.31 |
Dec 1, 1975 | 141.36 |
Sep 1, 1975 | 141.35 |
Jun 1, 1975 | 144.60 |
Mar 1, 1975 | 143.62 |
Dec 1, 1974 | 139.42 |
Sep 1, 1974 | 139.06 |
Jun 1, 1974 | 140.81 |
Mar 1, 1974 | 141.68 |
Dec 1, 1973 | 143.26 |
Sep 1, 1973 | 143.80 |
Jun 1, 1973 | 145.76 |
Mar 1, 1973 | 148.37 |
Dec 1, 1972 | 151.36 |
Sep 1, 1972 | 152.68 |
Jun 1, 1972 | 151.48 |
Mar 1, 1972 | 151.68 |
Dec 1, 1971 | 151.47 |
Sep 1, 1971 | 150.79 |
Jun 1, 1971 | 149.44 |
Mar 1, 1971 | 150.05 |
Dec 1, 1970 | 149.82 |
Sep 1, 1970 | 149.03 |
Jun 1, 1970 | 147.71 |
Mar 1, 1970 | 147.42 |
Dec 1, 1969 | 146.17 |
Sep 1, 1969 | 145.59 |
Jun 1, 1969 | 144.77 |
Mar 1, 1969 | 145.01 |
Dec 1, 1968 | 144.52 |
Sep 1, 1968 | 143.52 |
Jun 1, 1968 | 143.72 |
Mar 1, 1968 | 145.25 |
Dec 1, 1967 | 146.10 |
Sep 1, 1967 | 145.99 |
Jun 1, 1967 | 146.23 |
Mar 1, 1967 | 146.97 |
Dec 1, 1966 | 147.36 |
Sep 1, 1966 | 147.62 |
Jun 1, 1966 | 148.83 |
Mar 1, 1966 | 149.87 |
Dec 1, 1965 | 150.46 |
Sep 1, 1965 | 149.81 |
Jun 1, 1965 | 149.55 |
Mar 1, 1965 | 151.72 |
Dec 1, 1964 | 151.26 |
Sep 1, 1964 | 150.64 |
Jun 1, 1964 | 150.24 |
Mar 1, 1964 | 151.30 |
Dec 1, 1963 | 150.25 |
Sep 1, 1963 | 150.38 |
Jun 1, 1963 | 150.65 |
Mar 1, 1963 | 150.18 |
Dec 1, 1962 | 150.20 |
Sep 1, 1962 | 150.52 |
Jun 1, 1962 | 151.19 |
Mar 1, 1962 | 151.20 |
Dec 1, 1961 | 151.27 |
Sep 1, 1961 | 150.57 |
Jun 1, 1961 | 150.92 |
Mar 1, 1961 | 151.19 |
Dec 1, 1960 | 151.47 |
Sep 1, 1960 | 151.66 |
Jun 1, 1960 | 151.33 |
Mar 1, 1960 | 152.70 |
Dec 1, 1959 | 152.58 |
Sep 1, 1959 | 152.21 |
Jun 1, 1959 | 153.54 |
Mar 1, 1959 | 154.21 |
Dec 1, 1958 | 154.43 |
Sep 1, 1958 | 154.72 |
Jun 1, 1958 | 155.45 |
Mar 1, 1958 | 154.80 |
Dec 1, 1957 | 156.46 |
Sep 1, 1957 | 155.86 |
Jun 1, 1957 | 156.97 |
Mar 1, 1957 | 156.96 |
Dec 1, 1956 | 156.62 |
Sep 1, 1956 | 157.89 |
Jun 1, 1956 | 155.99 |
Mar 1, 1956 | 158.92 |
Dec 1, 1955 | 160.20 |
Sep 1, 1955 | 159.61 |
Jun 1, 1955 | 159.03 |
Mar 1, 1955 | 160.13 |
Dec 1, 1954 | 160.31 |
Sep 1, 1954 | 159.47 |
Jun 1, 1954 | 157.85 |
Mar 1, 1954 | 157.91 |
Dec 1, 1953 | 157.85 |
Sep 1, 1953 | 157.79 |
Jun 1, 1953 | 157.77 |
Mar 1, 1953 | 158.46 |
Dec 1, 1952 | 142.55 |
Dec 1, 1951 | 137.57 |
Dec 1, 1950 | 137.50 |
Dec 1, 1949 | 140.54 |
Dec 1, 1948 | 137.51 |
Dec 1, 1947 | 138.76 |
Dec 1, 1946 | 124.54 |
Dec 1, 1945 | 118.55 |
Dec 1, 1944 | 108.44 |
Dec 1, 1943 | 95.16 |
Dec 1, 1942 | 87.91 |
Dec 1, 1941 | 92.76 |
Dec 1, 1940 | 111.30 |
Dec 1, 1939 | 108.51 |
Dec 1, 1938 | 109.94 |
Dec 1, 1937 | 107.83 |
Dec 1, 1936 | 108.13 |
Dec 1, 1935 | 106.28 |
Dec 1, 1934 | 99.72 |
Dec 1, 1933 | 98.37 |
Dec 1, 1932 | 103.05 |
Dec 1, 1931 | 103.27 |
Dec 1, 1930 | 101.96 |
Dec 1, 1929 | 99.72 |
Dec 1, 1928 | 102.41 |
Dec 1, 1927 | 99.74 |
Dec 1, 1926 | 101.27 |
Dec 1, 1925 | 104.35 |
Dec 1, 1924 | 102.62 |
Dec 1, 1923 | 102.42 |
Dec 1, 1922 | 103.32 |
Dec 1, 1921 | 99.54 |
Dec 1, 1920 | 90.80 |
Dec 1, 1919 | 85.04 |
Dec 1, 1918 | 88.57 |
Dec 1, 1917 | 100.29 |
Dec 1, 1916 | 116.08 |
Dec 1, 1915 | 119.40 |
Dec 1, 1914 | 132.64 |
Dec 1, 1913 | 129.16 |
Dec 1, 1912 | 133.15 |
Dec 1, 1911 | 137.56 |
Dec 1, 1910 | 137.89 |
Dec 1, 1909 | 117.96 |
Dec 1, 1908 | 133.39 |
Dec 1, 1907 | 152.71 |
Dec 1, 1906 | 135.46 |
Dec 1, 1905 | 120.49 |
Dec 1, 1904 | 137.50 |
Dec 1, 1903 | 137.60 |
Dec 1, 1902 | 128.04 |
Dec 1, 1901 | 116.35 |
Dec 1, 1900 | 145.61 |
Dec 1, 1899 | 122.67 |
Dec 1, 1898 | 149.96 |
Dec 1, 1897 | 142.94 |
Dec 1, 1896 | 138.56 |
Dec 1, 1895 | 157.57 |
Dec 1, 1894 | 178.57 |
Dec 1, 1893 | 143.02 |
Dec 1, 1892 | 126.90 |
Dec 1, 1891 | 126.14 |
Dec 1, 1890 | 133.10 |
US national index levels, not seasonally adjusted. Historic prices are inflation adjusted March, 2022 dollars.
Data is courtesy
Robert Shiller, from
his book, Irrational Exuberance, and
Standard and Poor’s.